abseiling class

i and cha wearing the safety equiment that is harness

Rope Bag, Chalk Bag,

rope bag

uThe rope bag is designed for storing and protecting climbing rope.

uThe bag, in addition to carrying the rope, also usually unfolds to provide a flat piece of material or tarp to place the rope on during climbs.

uThe tarp protects the rope from dirt and rock that might impair integrity by causing hard-to-see micro-cuts in the rope's sheath or internal core.

uWhen conditions are very wet, a large plastic bag, such as a garbage bag, may also be used.

chalk bag

uThese are hand-sized fabric bags for holding climbers' chalk.

uChalk bags are usually cylinder- or pouch-shaped and have openings that are controlled by drawstrings.

uThe inner fabric is usually fleece, which traps chalk powder.

uChalk bags are usually attached to the back of a waist belt for easy access by either hand during a climb.

Ascenders

uAscenders are mechanical devices for ascending on a rope. They are also called Jumars.

uJumars perform the same functionality as friction knots but are stronger, faster, safer and less effort is needed to use them.

uA Jumar employs a cam which allows the device to slide freely in one direction but tightly grip the rope when pulled on in the opposite direction.

uTo prevent a jumar from accidentally coming off the rope, a locking carabiner is used.

slings

uA sling or runner is an item of climbing equipment consisting of a tied or sewn loop of webbing that can be wrapped around sections of rock, hitched (tied) to other pieces of equipment or even tied directly to a tensioned line using a prusik knot, for anchor extension (to reduce rope drag and for other purposes), equalisation, or climbing the rope.

Figure 8

uAluminium (or occasionally steel) "8" shaped device.

uComes in several varieties

uUsed as a belay device

uFigure eights allow fast but controlled descent on a rope.

carabiner

-metal loop with spring-loaded gate (opening), used as

connector. Almost all carabiners for recreational climbing are

made from aluminium alloy. There are also steel carabiners.

-Types of carabiner: locking and non-locking.

-Types of gates including wire-gate, bent-gate, and straight-gate.

-Different gates have different strengths and uses. Most locking carabiners utilize a straight-gate.

-Bent-gate and wire-gate carabiners are usually found on the rope-end of quickdraws, as they facilitate easier rope clipping than straight-gate carabiners.

harness

uStrapping or equipment used to connect abseiling devices or ascending equipment to the body.

uA harness is also used for attaching the rope to a person.

ABSEILING EQUIPMENT

1. Kernmantle ropes – there are two types of kern-mantle design rope:

i. Dynamic rope

- designed to absorb the sudden shock of a

falling climber and will stretch approximately

7% (max 12%) over the total length of an

11mm rope

ii.static rope

- will stretch less then 2% (max 5% dependent

upon brand) of the total length.

uKernmantle rope consists a core(kern) of many small cords held together by a sheath (mantle). Kern – the inner part of the rope which is made from continuous nylon filaments may be twisted for dynamic rope or lightly twisted / braided for static rope.

Mantle – the outer part of the rope which is braided cover which protects the kern from abrasion and provides the feel of the rope.

uIt is this structure that makes kernmantle so

strong, yet extremely flexible, easy to handle,

and able to hold a knot well.

uThe UIAA (Union Internationale des Associations d’Alphinisme) – an international organization that sets minimum standards that commercially available ropes should meet.

Abseiling/Rappelling

abseiling

Abseiling is the technique of sliding down a rope at a safe speed. During the descent the application of controlled friction determines the speed of descent.

Controlling the friction on the rope can be done in two ways:

1.Using the body wrap method

2.Using one of the many mechanical friction devices such as a Figure eight descender (the much safer way)

PERSONAL EQUIPMENt

1. Footwear – should be comfortable and provide good ankle support

Climbing shoes or boots are not acceptable, as although they provide excellent grip, they provide no ankle support.

2. Shirts – Full-length sleeves are preferred, but should not be loose as they may foul the descender or karabiners. Short sleeves or tee shirts are also suitable.

3. Trousers – Should not be overly loose, but should be comfortable and allow plenty of movement.

NYLON OR SYNTHETIC CLOTHING should not be worn due to the possibility the material melting into the skin by the heat caused by friction between the rope and descender whilst abseiling.

4. Jewellery – NO LONG HANGING JEWELLERY should be worn.

5. Hair – All long hair and fringes, must be tied back, tucked in or a hat be worn. This is to prevent it from being tangled in the rope or decender.

jenis-jenis kayak

Mandesta

•Berbentuk V

•Laju

•Sukar dikawal

•Sesuai untuk pertandingan

•Sesuai untuk sungai dan tasik

Otterspot

•Berbentuk U atau flat bottom hull

•Sangat stabil

•Menerima rintangan air yang banyak

•Sesuai untuk perjalanan yang jauh atau ekspedisi

•Sesuai untuk sungai, tasik dan laut

•Sesuai untuk rekreasi

Slalom

•Berbentuk O

•Hull melengkung

•Mudah dikawal

•Laju tetapi mudah terbalik

•Sesuai untuk latihan dan pertunjukan

•Sesuai untuk sungai dan tasik

•Sesuai untuk rekreasi

Ciri-ciri pemilihan kayak

Saiz dan Pemilihan Kayak

•Memainkan peranan penting dalam pemilihan kayak yang sesuai. Jenis kayak yang sesuai dengan saiz dan berat anda boleh merujuk kepada katalog kayak.

•Selain itu, sebelum membeli anda boleh berdasarkan saiz dan jenama seperti Nova Caribe, Dagger, Islander dan sebagainya.

Kestabilan

•Memainkan peranan penting dalam pemilihan kayak. Kayak yang panjang dan lebar saiznya pasti memilih tahap stabiliti yang tinggi.

•Secara amnya, kestabilan kayak terbahagi dua iaitu kestabilan initial (KI) dan kestabilan sekunder (KS).

•KI bermaksud apabila anda menjatuhkan badan ke sisi, kayak itu sukar terbalik dan amat stabil. Contohnya yang berbentuk U. Namun begitu ia akan mudah terbalik apabila anda melepasi pusat gravitinya.

•KS merujuk kepada keadaan kayak yang tidak stabil apabila anda melepasi pusat gravitinya. Contohnya kayak Slalom yang berbentuk O.

Rocker

•Memainkan peranan penting dalam proses pemilihan kayak yang sesuai. Rocker merujuk kepada darjah kenaikan bahagian bawah sesebuah kayak ataupun bentuk memanjang bahagian bawah sesebuah kayak.

•Kayak yang mempunyai Rocker yang besar akan mudah berpusing manakala kayak yang mempunyai Rocker yang kecil mudah bergerak lurus dan laju tetapi sukar berpusing.